vii

Little further advance can be made in our interpretation of the Qur'an or of the life of Muhammad, until an exhaustive study has been made of the vocabulary of the Qur'an. It is interesting to note how recent work at Islamic origins, such as that done by the late Professor Horovitz and his pupils at Frankfurt, and in the books of Tor Andrae and Karl Ahrens, has tended to run to a discussion of vocabulary. The Qur'an is the first Arabic book, for though there was earlier poetry, it was not written down till much later, and some doubts have been raised as to the genuineness of what did get written down. For the interpretation of this first Arabic book, we have been content until recently to turn to the classical commentaries, but the tendency of the commentators is to interpret the book in the light of the Arabic language of their own day, and with few exceptions their philological lucubrations are of more interest for the study of the development of Muslim thought about the Qur'an, than they are for settling the meaning the words must have had for the Prophet and for those who listened to his utterances.

Some day, it is to be hoped, we shall have a Glossary to the Qur'an comparable with the great W�rterb�cher we have to the Old and New Testaments, in which all the resources of philology, epigraphy, and textual criticism will be utilized for a thorough investigation of the vocabulary of the Qur'an. Meanwhile this present Essay attempts to make one small contribution to the subject by studying a number of the non-Arabic elements in the Qur'anic vocabulary.

Emphasis has been placed in recent years on the too long forgotten fact that Arabia at the time of Muhammad was not isolated from the rest of the world, as Muslim authors would have us believe. There was at that time, as indeed for long before full and constant contact with the surrounding peoples of Syria, Persia, and Abyssinia, and through intercourse there was a natural interchange of vocabulary. Where the Arabs came in contact with higher religion higher civilization, they borrowed religious and cultural terms. This fact was fully recognized by the earliest circle of Muslim exegetes, who show no hesitation in noting wonts as of Jewish, Christian, or Iranian

origin. Later, under the influence of the great divines, especially of ash-Shafi'i, this was pushed into the backgr6und, and an orthodox doctrine was elaborated to the effect that the Qur'an was a unique production of the Arabic language. The modern Muslim savant, indeed, is as a rule seriously distressed by any discussion of the foreign origin of words in the Qur'an.

To the Western student the Jewish or Christian origin of many of the technical terms in the Qur'an is obvious at the first glance, and a little investigation makes it possible to identify many others. These identifications have been made by many scholars whose work is scattered in many periodicals in many languages. The present Essay is an attempt to gather them up and present them in a form convenient for the study of interested scholars both in the East and the West.

The Essay was originally written in 1926, and in its original form was roughly four times the size of the present volume. It would have been ideal to have published it in that form, but the publishing costs of such a work with full discussion and illustrative quotation, would have been prohibitive. The essential thing was to place in the hands of students a list of these foreign words which are recognized as such by our modern scholarship, with an indication of their probable origin, and of the sources to which the student may turn for fuller discussion. Our own discussion has therefore been cut down to the minimum consistent with intelligibility. The same reason has made it necessary to omit the Appendix, which consisted of the Arabic text, edited from two MSS. in the Royal Library at Cairo, of as-Suyut i's al-Muhadhdhab, which is the original treatise at the basis of his chapter on the foreign words in the Itqan and of his tractate entitled al-Mutawakkili.

In making a choice of such references to the old poets as remain, was thought better to retain those used in the older works of reference which would be generally accessible to students, rather than make a display of learning by references to a host of more modern works dealing with the early poetry. In the case of references to Iranian sources, however, the author, for lack of library facilities, has been compelled to limit himself to the few texts, now somewhat antiquated, which were available to him in Cairo.

No one is more conscious than the author of the limitations of his philological equipment for the task. A work of this nature could

have been adequately treated only by a N�ldeke, whose intimate acquaintance with the literatures of the Oriental languages involved, none of us in this generation can emulate. With all its limitations and imperfections, however, it is hoped that it may provide a foundation from which other and better equipped scholars may proceed in the important task of investigation of the Qur'anic vocabulary.

For reasons of general convenience the verse numbering of the Qur'an citations is throughout that of Fl�gel's edition, not the Kufan verse numbering followed in the Egyptian standard text.

The thanks of the author, as of all students interested in Oriental research, are due in a special manner to the kindness and generosity of H.H. the Maharaja Gaekwad of Baroda, which have permitted the work to appear in the series published under his august patronage.

ARTHUR JEFFERY.

CAIRO.
December, 1937.

Addai Sher. Al.Alfaz al-farisiyya al-mu'arraba. Beirut, 1908.
Aghani. Kitab al-Aghani of Abu'l-Faraj al-Isfahani; 20 vols. Cairo, 1868.
Ahlwardt, W. Divans of the Six Ancient Arabic. Poets. London, 1870.
Ahrens K. "Christlieches im Qoran," in ZDMG lxxxiv (1930), pp. l5-68 and 148-l90.
___ Muhammed als Religionsstifter. Leipzig, 1035.
Andrae, Tor. Der Ursprung des Islams und das Christentum. Upsala, 1926.
al-Baidawi. Anwar at-Tanzil, 5 parts. Cairo, 1330.
al-Baghawi.Ma'alim at-Tanzil. Four vols, on margin of Tafsir al-Khazin. Cairo, 1332.
Barth, J. Sprachwissenschaftiche Untersuchungen zum Semitischen. Leipzig, 1907-1911.
___ Etymologische Studien zum Semitischen. Leipzig, 1893.
Bartholomao, C. Altiranisches W�rterbuch. Strassburg, 1904.
Bell, R. Origin of Islam in its Christian Environment. London, 1926.
Brockelmann, C. Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen, 2 vols. Berlin, 1908-13.
Burhan-i Qati. Persian Lexicon Calcutta, 1818.
Caetani, L. Annali dell' Islam, vols. i and ii. Milano, 1905, 1907.
Cheikho, L. An-Nasraniya wa Adabuha bain 'Arab al-Jahiliyya. Beirut, 1912-1923.
Corpua Incriptionum Semiticarum. Paris, 1881 ff.
Cook, S. A. Glossary of the Aramaic Inscriptions. Cambridge, 1898.
Cooke, G. A. North Semitic Inscriptions. Oxford, 1903.
Delitzsch, F. Wo lag Paradies? Leipzig, 1881.
____ Assyrisches Handw�rterbuch. Leipzig, 1896.
Do Vog��, M. La Syrie centrale: Inscriptions s�mitiques. Paris, 1868.
Dillmann, A. Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae. Lipsiae, 1865.
Dinkard. Pahlavi Text and Translatiun of the Dinkard by Peshotun D.B. Sanjana, vols. i-iv. Bombay, 1880.
Dozy, R. Suppl�ment aux Dictionnaires arabes, 2 vols. Leide, 1881.
Dussaud, R. Mission dans les r�gions d�sertiques de la Syrie moyenne. Paris, 1903.
Dvorak, R. �ber die Fremdw�rter im Koran. Wien, 1885.
____ Ein Beitrag zur Frage �ber die Fremdw�rter im Koran. M�nchen, 1884.
Eickmann, W. Die Angelologie und D�monologie des Korans. Leipzig, 1908.
Encyclop�dia of Islam. Ed. Houtsma, etc. Leiden, 1913 ff.
Euting, J. Nabat�ische Inschriften aus Arabien. Berlin, 1885.
____ Sin�itische Inschriften. Berlin, 1891.
Fihrist. Ibn an.Nadim's Kitab al-Fihrist, ed. Fl�gel. Leipzig, 1871.
Fischer, A. Glossar to Br�nnow's Arabische Chrestomathie. Berlin, 1928.
Fleischer, H. Kleinere Schriften gesammelt, 3 vols. Leipzig, 1885-8.
Fraenkel, S. De Vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano peregrinis. Leiden, 1880.
____ Die Aram�ischen Fremdw�rter im Arabischen. Leiden, 1886.
____ "Miseellen zum Koran," in ZDMG, lvi, 71 ff.
Frahang. Glossary to the Frahang i Pahlavik, by H.F. J. Junker. Heidelberg, 1912.
Freytag, G. Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, 4 vols. Halle, 1837.
Geiger, A. Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen? Bonn, 1833.
Gesenius-Buhl. Hebr�isches und aram�isches Handw�rterbuch �ber des A. T. Leipzig,
1899. Geyer, R. "Zwei Gedichte von al-Asha," in SBAW. Wien, 1904 and 1921.
Glaser, E. Die Abessinier in Arabien und Afrika. M�nchen, 1895.
____ Altjemenische Nachrichten. M�nchen, 1908.
____ Skizze der Geschichte und Geographie Arabiens. Berlin, 1890.

Goldziher, I. Die Richtungen der iclamischen Koranauslegung. Leiden, 1920.
____ Muhammedanische Studien, 2 vols. Halle, 1888-1890.
____ "Linguistisches aus der Literatur der muhammedanischen Mystik," in ZDMG, xxvi (1872).
____ Abhandlungen zur arabischen Philologie. Leiden, 1896.
Grimme H. "�ber einige Klassen s�darabischer Lehnw�rter im Qoran," in ZA, xxvi (1912).
____ Mohammed 2 vols M�nster, 1892-5.
Gr�nbaum, M. "�ber schem hammephorasch und �ber sprachliche Nachbildungen," in ZDMG xxxix (1885).
Guidi, I. Della Sede primitiva dei popoli semitici. 1879.
Harris, Z.S.. "Glossary of Phoenician," in his Grammar of the Phoenician Language. Philadelphia, 1936.
Herzfeld, E. Paikuli Monument and Inscription. Berlin, 1924.
Hess, J. J. Die Entzifferung der tham�dischen Inschriften. Freiburg, 1911.
Hirschfeld, H. New Researches into the Composition and Exegesis of the Qoran. London, 1902.
____ Beitr�ge zur Erkl�rung des Koran. Leipzig, 1886.
____ J�dische Elemente im Koran. Berlin, 1878.
____ "Essai sur l'histoire des Juifs de Medine," in REJ, vii and ix. 1883-5.
Hommel, F. Die Namen der S�ugethiere bei den s�dsemitischen V�lkern. Leipzig, 1879.
____ S�darabische Chrestomathie. M�nchen, 1893.
Horn, P. Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie. Strassburg, 1893.
Horovitz, J. Das koranische Paradies. Jerusalem, 1923.
____ "Jewish Proper Names and Derivatives in the Koran," in the Hebrew Union College Annual, ii. Cincinnati, 1925.
____ Koranische Untersuchungen. Berlin, 1926.
H�bschmann, H. "Die semitischen Lehnw�rter im Altarmenischen," in ZDMG, xlvi.
____ Armenische Grammatik. Theil i, "Etymologia." Leipzig, 1897.
____ Persische Studien. Strassburg, 1895.
Hurgronje, C. Snouck. Review of Fraenkal's "Aram�ische Framdw�rter," in WZKM, i. 1887.
Ibn Hisham. Sirat an-Nabi ed. W�stenfald. G�ttingen, 1858-1860.
Ibn Qutaiba. Adab al.Katib, ad. Gr�nert. Leiden, 1900.
Ibn Sa'd. Tabaqat. ed. Sachau et aliis. Leiden, 1904 ff.
Ibn al-Athir. An-Nihaya, 4 vols. Cairo, 1322.
Jacob, G. Das Leben der vorislamischen Beduinen, nach den Quellen gesehildert. Berlin, 1895.
al-Jawaliqi. Al-Mu'arrab, ed. Sachau. Leipzig, 1867.
al-Jawhari. As-Sihah, 2 vols. Cairo, 1296.
Kamil. The Kamil of al-Mubarrad, ed. W. Wright. Leipzig, 1864-1892.
al-Khafaji. Shifa al-Ghalil fi ma fi Kalam al-'Arab min ad-Dakhil. Cairo, 1325.
al-Kindi. Risala, ed. Muir. London, 1880.
Krauss, S. Griechische und lateinische Lehnw�rter im Talmad, Midrasch und Targum. vol. ii. Berlin, 1899.
von Kramer. Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams. Leipzig, 1868.
____ Culturgeschichtliche Strefz�ge auf dem Gebiete des Islams. Leipzig, 1873.
Lagarde, P. de. Gesammelte Abhandlungen. Leipzig, 1866.
____ Persische Studien. G�ttingen, 1884.
____ Armenische Studien. G�ttingen, 1877.
____ Mittheilungen, iii. G�ttingen, 1889.
____ �bersicht �ber die Bildung der Nomina. G�ttingen, 1889.
Lammens, H. L'Arabie occidentale avant l'Hegire. Beirut, 1928.
____ La Mecque � la veille de l'Hegire. Beirut, 1924.
____ Les Sanctuaires pr�islamites dans l'Arabic occidentale. Beirut, 1926.

Lane, E. W. Arabic English Lexicon, 8 vols. London, 1863-1893.
Leszynsky, H. Die Juden in Arabien zur Zeit Mohammeds. Berlin, 1910.
Levy, J. Chald�isches W�rterbuch �ber die Targumim, 2 vols. Leipzig, 1857.
____ Neuhebr�isches und chald�isches W�rterbuch �ber die Talmudim und Midraschim, 4 vols. 1876.
Lewy, H. Die semitischen Fremdw�rter im Griechischen. Berlin, 1895.
Lidzbarski, N. Ephemeris f�r semitische Epigraphik. 3 vols. Giessen, 1902 ff.
____ Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik. Weimar, 1898.
____ Des Johannesbuch der Mand�er, 2 vols. Giessen, 1905-1915.
Lisan al-Arab. Arabic Lexicon of Ibn Manzur, 20 vols. Cairo, 1308.
Littmann, H. Semitic Inscriptions. New York, 1904.
____ "Zur Entzifferung der thamudenischen Inschriften, MVAG. Berlin, 1904.
L�w, I. Aram�ische Pflanzennamen. Leipzig, 1881.
Margoliouth, D. S. Schweich Lectures on Relations between Arabs and Israelites. London, 1924.
Mingana, A. "Syriac Influence on tho Style of the Kur'an," in Rylands Bulletin. 1927.
Montgomery, J. A. Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur. Philadelphia. 1913.
Mordtmann and M�ller. Sab�ische Denkm�ler Wien 1883.
Mordtmann, J. H. Beitr�ge zur min�ischen Epigraphik. Weimar, 1897.
____ Himjarische Inschriften. Berlin, 1893.
Muhit al-Muhit. Arabic Lexicon of Bustani 2 vols. Beirut, 1867-1870.
M�ller, D. H. Epigraphische Denkm�ler aus Arabien. Wien, 1889.
____ "Arabisch.aram�ische Glossen," in WZKM, i (1887).
____ "S�darabische Studien," in SBAW Wien, 1887.
____ S�darabische Denkm�ler. Wien 1899
____ Epigraphische Denkm�ler aus Abessinien. Wien, 1894.
N�ldeke, Th. Geschichte des Qorans. G�ttingen, 1860.
____ Mand�ische Grammatik. Halle 187
____ Neue Beitr�ge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft. Strassburg 1910.
____ Persische Studien, 2 vols. 1888-1892.
____ Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden. Leiden 1879.
____ Die Ghassanischen F�rsten aus dem Hause Gafnas Berlin, 1887.
____ "Hatte Muhammad christliche Lehrer ? in ZDMG, xii (1858).
N�ldeke-Schwally, Geschichte des Qorans 2nd ed, vol. i. Leipzig, 1907.
Nyberg, H. S. Hilfsbuch des Pehlevi Glossar. Uppsala, 1931.
Opitz, K. Die Medizin im Koran, Stuttgart, 1906.
Oxford Hebrew Lexicon, ed. Brown Driver and Briggs. Oxford 1907.
Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary, by Hosharigji, Jamaspji Asa, revised by M. Haug. Bombay, 1870
Payne-Smith, R. Thesaurus Syriacus, 2 vols. 1879-1901.
Pautz, O. Muhammeds Lehre von der Offenbarung. Leipzig. 1898.
Qamus. The Qamus of al-Fairuzabadi; 2 vols. Cairo, 1298.
Raghib. Al Mufradat fi Gharib al-Qur'an, of Raghib al-Isfahani. Cairo, 1324.
Reiehelt, H. Awestisches Elementarbuch. Heidelberg, 1909.
____ Avestan Reader, with Glossary. Strassburg, 1911.
Reckendorf. H. Die syntaktischen Verh�ltnisse des Arabischen. Leiden. 1898.
Rhodakanakis, N. "Zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft." in WZKM, xxv.
Rossini, Conti. Chrestomathia Arabica Meridionalis Epigraphica, with Glossarium. Roma, 1931.
Rothstein, C. Die Dynastie der Lakhmiden in al-Hira. Berlin, 1899.
Rudolph, G. Die Abh�ngigkeit des Qorans von Judenthum und Christenthum. Stuttgart, 1922.
Ryckmans, G. Les Noms propres sud-s�mitiques, i-iii. Louvain, 1934-5.
Sacco, G. Le credenze religiose di Maometto. Roma, 1922.
Sachau, E. Gawaliqi's Almu'arrab mit Erl�uteningen herausgegeben. Leipzig, 1867.

Salemann, C. "Mittelpersisch," in Geiger und Kuhn's Grundriss der iranischen Philologie. Strassburg, 1895.
____ Manich�ische Studien. St. Petersburg, 1908.
Sayast-ne-Sayaat, ed. with Glossary by Jehangir C. Tavadia. Hamburg, 1930.
Schulthess, Fr. Lexicon Syropalaetinum. Berlin, 1903.
Schwally, Fr. Idioticon des christlich-pal�stinischen Aram�isch. Giessen, 1893.
____ Lexicalische Studien," in ZDMG, liii (1899).
Shikand.G�m�nik-Vijar - the Sanskrit-Pazend Text edited with Glossary by Jamasp Asa and E. W. West. Bombay, 1887.
Siddiqi, A. Studien �ber die persischen Fremdw�rter im klassischen Arabisch. G�ttingen, 1919.
as-Sijistani. Nuzhat al-Qulub fi Gharib al-Quran. Cairo. 1924.
Spiegel, Fr. Eranische Altertumskunde, 3 vols. Leipzig, 1871-8.
____ Die altpersische Keilinschriften. Leipzig, 1881.
Spitta, W. "L�cken in Gawaliqi's al-Mu'arrab," in ZDMG, xxxiii (1879).
Sprenger A. Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammad, 3 vols. Berlin, 1861-5.
as-Suyuti. Al-Itqan fi 'Ulum al-Quran. Calcutta, 1852-4.
____ Al Muzhir fi 'Ulum al-Lugha, 2 vols. Cairo, 1282.
____ Al-Mutawakkili, ed. Wm. Y. Bell. Cairo, 1926.
Syez, S. Ursprung und Wiedergabe der biblischen Eigennamen im Qoran. Frankfurt, 1903. at Tabari Annales, ed. De Goeje et aliis, 15 vols. Leiden, 1879-1901.
____ Tafsir al-Qur'an, 30 vols. Cairo, 1321.
Taj al-�Arus. Arabic Lexicon of as.Sayyid Murtada, 10 vols. Cairo, 1307.
ath-Tha'alibi. Kitab Fiqh al-Lugha wa Sirr al-'Arabiya. Cairo, 1923.
Tisdall, W. St. C. The Original Sources of the Qur'an. London, 1911. Torrey, C. C. The Commercial-theological Terms in the Koran. Leiden, 1892.
____ The Jewish Foundation of Islam. New York, 1933.
Vollers, K. "Beitr�ge zur Kenntniss der lebenden arabischen Sprache," in ZDMG, 1 and l1 (1896-7). Vullers, J. A. Lexicon Persico-Latinum Etymologicum, 2 vols. Bonn, 1855. Wellhausen, J. Reste arabischen Heidenthums, 2nd ed. Berlin, 1897.
Wensinck, A. J. Mohammed en de Joden te Medina. Leiden, 1908.
West, E. W. Glossary and Index of Pahlavi Texts. Bombay, 1874.
Yaqut. Mu'jam al-Buldan, ed. W�stenfeld, 6 vols. Leipzig. 1866-1870.
az-Zamakshari. al-Kashshaf, ed. Nassau Lees. Calcutta, 1856.
____ Asas al-Balagha. 2 vols. Cairo, 1923.
Zimmern, H. Akkadische Fremdw�rter als Beweis f�r babylonischen Kultureinfluss. Leipzig, 1917.

Act. Or Acta Orientalia, ediderunt Societates Orientales Batava, Danica, Norvegica. Lugd. Batav. 1923 ff.
AIW Altiranisches W�rterbuch. (Bartholomae.)
AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages.
BA Lexicon Syriacum of Bar Ali.
Bagh Al-Baghawi's Commentary on the Qur'an.
Baid Al-Baidawi's Commentary on the Qur'an.
BB Lexicon Syriacum of Bar Bahlul.
BDB Brown, Driver, and Briggs Oxford Hebrew Lexicon.
Beit. Aas Beitr�ge f�r Assyriologie.
BGA De Goeje's Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum.
BQ Lexicon Persicum, Burhan-i Qati'. Calcutta, 1818.
ClS Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum.
Div. Hudh The Divan of the Hudhailites. Part i, ed. Kosegarten part ii, ed. Wellhausen.
EI Encyclop�dia of Islam.
ERE Encyclop�dia of Religion and Ethics.
GA Lagarde's Gesammelte Abhandlungen.
GGA G�ttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen.
HAA Handbuch der altarabischen Altertumekunde, i. Kopenhagen, 1927.
JA Journal asiatique.
Jal The Qur'an Commentary of Jalalain.
JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society.
JASB Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
JE The Jewish Encyclop�dia.
JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
JThS Journal of Theological Studies.
KU Horovitz's Koranische Untersuchungen.
LA The Arabic Lexicon Lisan al-'Arab.
MGWJ Monatsschrift f�r Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums.
MVAG Mittheilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft.
MW The Moslem World.
NSI Cooke's North Semitic Inscriptions.
OLZ Orientalische Literaturzeitung.
PPGI Pahlavi-Pazend Glossary.
PSBA Proceedings of the Society for Biblical Archeology.
PSm Payne Smith's Thesaurus Syriacus.
REJ Revue des �tudes juives.
RES R�pertoire d'�pigraphie semitique.
ROC Revue de l'orient chr�tien.
SBAW Sitzungsberichte der k�nigl. Akad. d. Wissenschaft. (Berlin or Wien.)
TA The Arabic Lexicon Taj al-�Arus.
Tab At-Tabari's Commentary on the Qur'an.
ThLZ Theologisches Literaturzeitung. TW Targumisches W�rterbuch, ed. Levy.
WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift f�r Kunde des Morgenlandes.
ZA Zeitschrift f�r Assyriologie.
Zam Az-Zamakhshari's Commentary on the Qur'an.
ZATW Zeitschrift f�r alttestomentliche Wissenschaft.
ZDMG Zeitschrift der deutschen Morgenl�ndischen Gesellschaft.
ZS Zeitschrift f�r Semitistik.

Table of Contents
Answering Islam Home Page