HISTORY
- Regarding historical authenticity and accuracy of Islamic source texts, see HISTORICITY.
- See the section, The History of Islam, for articles and links on various incidents and aspects of the history of Islam in interaction with Christianity.
- Islamic,
c570 Birth of Muhammad to the tribe of Qureish. His father is Abdullah who died before he was born. Mother died 6 years later. Raised by grandfather and uncle, Abu Talib, who at one stage of Muhammand's life, protected him. c592 According to traditions, he began travelling to Syria with trading caravans, and on one of these journeys met Bahira, a Syrian Christian monk. 595 Married Khadijah, a wealthy widow, who was Muhammad's employer. 610 While meditating in a cave on Mt Hira near Mecca, Muhammad claimed that the angel Gabriel appeared to him to recite (Qur'an). 615/6 Persecution from his own tribe of Qureish forced some of his followers to emigrate to the Christian kingdom of Abyssinia. Muhammad and his "Companions" stayed in Meeca. 619 Death of Khadija, and of Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle and protector. Muhammad's position now less secure in the tribe. 622 Escape to Medina from the hostile Meccans in response to an invitation from a group of Muslim converts ("Helpers") for him to come to resolve the conflicts between the different communities in Medina. This flight is known as the Hijra, and marks the beginning of Muslim calendar. Muslim dates are marked with A.H. 624 Muslims began raiding caravans from Mecca. During Battle of Badr Muslims (324 men) defeated Meccans (950 men) 624 Battle of Uhud - Muslims defeated by Meccans. Some Muslims dismayed with Muhammad. 627 Battle of Ahjab - Muslims repelled the Mecan attack on Medina 628 Treaty of Hudaibiyah between Muhammad and Meccans, enabling him to return for pilgrimage the following year. 629 Muhammad and the Muslims returned to Mecca on 11 January with 10,000 men. Meccans submitted without fighting. Muhammad declared a general amnesty. All idols in the Ka'aba destroyed. Some traditions say that Muhammad did not destroy the images of Jesus and Mary in the Ka'aba. Muhammad returned to Medina. Beginning of mass movement of tribes embracing Islam 631 Muhammad's last pilgrimage to Mecca 632 Muhammad died in Medina 632-634 1st Caliph, Abu Bakr: prevented many tribes from breaking away. Defeated Byzantine army in 634. 633 Battle of Yamana against Musailamah Al-Kazzab who claimed to be a prophet. Several Companions who knew the Qur'an by heart were killed. Abu Bakr was said to have instructed Zaid b. Thabit to prepare a single copy of the complete Qur'an, who did so and demanded that there are two witnesses for each piece. 634-644 2nd Caliph, 'Umar: supposedly carried the collections of the surah of the Quran. Defeated Byzantine army at Battle of Yarmuk (636); captured Jerusalem, and gained control of Syria, Egypt and Persia. Expelled all Jews and Chrisitians from Arabia. 644-656 3rd Caliph, 'Uthman: appointed Zaid to collect the fragments of the written Qur'an and established the official text of the Qur'an. All other texts were ordered destroyed. 653 Campain against Armenia and Azerbaidjan, and serious differences arose among the Muslims regarding the Qur'an. It was said that Uthman instructed Zaid b. Thabit and three others to prepare a fresh copy. After this, several copies were sent throughout Muslim lands, and Uthman ordered all other copies destroyed. 656-661 4th Caliph, 'Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law. At the death of Muhammad, a small party (shi`ah) sympathetic to `Ali wanted him to be the caliph, whom the Shi`ites claimed was given this authority by Muhammad. The majority voted instead for Abu Bakr. 660-750 Umayyad Dynasty ruled in Damascus. Golden Age of Islam. by 732. Islamic Empire stretched from Spain to Persia. 750-2258 Abassid Dynasty ruled in Baghdad. study it, Âl 'Imran 3:137; Yusuf 12:110-111; Ibrahim 14:5